New Glenn is a two-stage orbital rocket built by Blue Origin, and its first stage is designed to land and fly again. Blue Origin is the space company Jeff Bezos founded in 2000, long before he stepped back from running Amazon to focus on it. New Glenn is that company’s first orbital-class launcher, arriving after two decades in which Blue Origin only reached space on short, suborbital hops.
Blue Origin named the rocket after John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth. New Glenn first reached orbit in January 2025, giving the United States a second domestic heavy-lift rocket with a reusable first stage, alongside SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. That second option matters most to the US government, which prefers at least two working rockets for its most sensitive satellites in case one is grounded.
How New Glenn Is Built
New Glenn separates into two stages during flight, the same basic pattern every orbital rocket uses. The first stage does the heavy lifting off the pad and through the thick lower atmosphere. Then it falls away, so the lighter second stage can carry the payload the rest of the way to orbit. Dropping the spent first stage keeps the vehicle from hauling dead weight into space.
Seven BE-4 engines power the first stage, burning liquefied natural gas together with liquid oxygen. Blue Origin designed the BE-4 to run on gas instead of the kerosene most rockets use. The company argues that fuel choice burns cleaner inside the engine and leaves less soot to clean off a reused booster between flights. The same BE-4 engine also powers United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan Centaur, so Blue Origin builds this one engine for two different rockets.
The second stage carries two BE-3U engines, burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen instead of gas. Hydrogen burns more efficiently per unit of propellant than the BE-4’s fuel. That is why Blue Origin reserves it for the upper stage, where efficiency counts for more than raw thrust. That upper stage is expended on every flight. For a closer look at what separates these engine types, see how rocket engines work.
How the First Stage Lands
New Glenn’s booster lands the same way Falcon 9’s does, by flying itself back down under its own power rather than falling ballistically. After stage separation, it reorients and fires some of its BE-4 engines to steer toward a landing target. Grid fins then hold its path through the air on the way down. A final landing burn slows it to a near-stop just above the deck, and legs extend to catch the touchdown.
The booster lands on a ship named Jacklyn, after Jeff Bezos’s mother, stationed in the Atlantic Ocean downrange from the launch site at Cape Canaveral, Florida. New Glenn’s first orbital flight in January 2025 reached orbit successfully but lost the booster during its landing attempt. Reusable rockets tend to take more than one try before landing becomes routine. Falcon 9 needed several attempts before SpaceX stuck a landing, and New Glenn’s own landing record is still building. For the general mechanics behind a propulsive landing, the reusable-rocket guide covers grid fins, landing burns, and the refurbishment work that follows a successful catch.
What New Glenn Launches
New Glenn is built to carry the kind of large, heavy payload that smaller rockets cannot lift in one piece. Its 7-meter payload fairing is wider than Falcon 9’s, so satellites and space station modules can fly without the folding or unfolding that a narrower rocket forces on their design.
- Blue Origin’s own missions. New Glenn carries Blue Origin’s Blue Moon lunar landers and Blue Ring space tug, hardware the company is developing for NASA’s Artemis Moon program and other customers.
- NASA science missions. NASA has flown planetary science payloads on New Glenn, including a pair of Mars-bound smallsats that rode along on the rocket’s second flight.
- National-security and commercial payloads. New Glenn is certified for national-security missions, giving the US Space Force a second reusable heavy-lift provider besides SpaceX, and it also carries commercial satellites, including some of Amazon’s Project Kuiper broadband constellation.
How New Glenn Compares to Other Heavy-Lift Rockets
New Glenn, Falcon 9, and Vulcan Centaur all fly for the same government and commercial customers, but each makes a different bet on reuse and size.
| Feature | New Glenn | Falcon 9 | Vulcan Centaur |
|---|---|---|---|
| Builder | Blue Origin | SpaceX | United Launch Alliance |
| First-stage engines | Seven BE-4 | Nine Merlin | Two BE-4 |
| First-stage fuel | Natural gas, liquid oxygen | Kerosene, liquid oxygen | Natural gas, liquid oxygen |
| Fairing diameter | 7 meters | About 5.2 meters | About 5.4 meters |
| Reuse as of 2026 | First stage lands and reflies | First stage lands and reflies | Expendable |
New Glenn’s clearest edge over Falcon 9 is that wider fairing. A single-piece payload that would need to fold to fit inside Falcon 9’s nose cone can often ride on New Glenn intact. The tradeoff is flight history. Falcon 9 has flown its reusable design for over a decade, and it reflies boosters on a schedule measured in days. New Glenn is still early in proving out that same cadence.
Why New Glenn Matters
New Glenn matters because it breaks SpaceX’s run as the only US company flying a reusable heavy-lift rocket. For years, any government or commercial customer that wanted a landed, reflown booster had one supplier. New Glenn gives that customer base a second option, built on a different engine and a wider fairing. That is also why the Space Force pushed to certify it for national-security missions, rather than leaving that job to one company.
The rocket also extends Blue Origin’s reach past its original suborbital business. New Shepard proved the company could land a rocket, but only on short hops that never reached orbit. New Glenn takes that same propulsive-landing approach and applies it to a vehicle that actually delivers a satellite or a lunar lander to space. That is the harder engineering problem, and it is the one that decides whether Blue Origin becomes a real competitor to SpaceX, rather than a suborbital sideline.
For the current flight count, payload figures, and launch schedule, Blue Origin’s own New Glenn page has the latest specifications, since both change as the program adds missions.